Goa's Female Porters on The Verge of Extinction
On a rainy monsoon morning, 70-year-old Joaquina Colaco clutched an umbrella and walked through the crowded lanes of Margao market in the Indian state of Goa, hoping for a full day's work.
After wading through puddles, she sat down next to a carpenter's shop, waiting expectantly for customers who need a porter or "coolie" to carry their wares.
Colaco is one of a dwindling band of female "bhadels", as the porters are called in the historic city of Margao, Goa's commercial hub some 30 kilometers (20 miles) south of the state capital, Panaji.
The bhadels -- whose name translates as "for hire" -- have been a feature of life in Goa since the days of Portuguese colonial rule in the 18th century and carry everything from groceries to furniture on their heads.
No one knows locally why women have traditionally done the back-breaking work, but increasing competition from cars, vans, the railways and men is threatening to put them out of business for good.
"We don't get much business these days," said Colaco, puffing on a beedi, a cheap, hand-rolled Indian cigarette packed with tobacco leaves.
"The male coolies are much stronger and are ready to work at a cheaper rate," she told Agence France Presse.
Another bhadel, Albertina Fernandes, agreed. "At times, they (the men) carry loads on their heads for free or in return for a peg (tot) of fenny (a Goan spirit made from fermented cashew fruit or coconut)," she said.
The arrival in the 1990s of the Konkan railway, which stretches 760 kilometers up the western coast of India through Goa, sounded the death knell for the female porters.
The picturesque line connecting the southern city of Mangalore with India's financial and entertainment capital, Mumbai, brought eager young men from neighboring states like Kerala and Karnataka in search of work.
At the same time, increasing numbers of vehicles began to appear on the state's narrow streets, making the transportation of more and heavier loads quicker and easier.
The liberalization of the Indian economy has also played a part, opening up the country to outside influences in areas from fashion to television and increasing its people's expectations.
-- 'To work as a coolie?' --
"A bhadel's daughter used to be a bhadel," explained Colaco. "Sons were not allowed in the trade. We now fear extinction as the next generation is not ready to continue the legacy.
"Do you expect my daughter who wears jeans to sit here and work as a coolie?" she asked.
Goa's chief minister, Digambar Kamat, who represents Margao constituency, announced in March payments of 25,000 rupees ($550) to any bhadel who had worked for 25 years, praising their "selfless service" to society.
According to Auda Viegas, a women's rights activist who has been documenting the history of the female porters, most of those still working fit that category.
"The youngest bhadel is 50 years old," she said. "You won't find anyone younger."
Five years ago, bhadels -- all of them Roman Catholic -- could be found in their hundreds, carrying goods for up to five kilometers outside the city but now there are thought to be barely two dozen left working.
With their likely disappearance within a generation, another piece of traditional Indian life will be consigned to history.
"Even until recently, local shopkeepers in Margao used to ask them to watch over their shops during siesta-time," said Viegas.
"They are most trustworthy," Sajiv Sawant, a cloth merchant who owns a shop in Margao market, affirmed. "Even now we keep our shop open in the afternoon time when we go for lunch break and bhadels guard our shop.
"They have never stolen anything. They will never steal. Now they don't get business because people have their own vehicles. Also they are too old to carry heavy headloads."
Despite the state government payment, the future looks uncertain for the women, who are a familiar sight on the streets in their traditional cotton saris.
Rain or shine, they spend their days carrying loads from early morning when the market opens to early evening, earning a meager two to five rupees per trip, which is just enough for bare essentials.
"Bhadels are largely uneducated and hence cannot take any other vocation," said Viegas. "They are growing old now and don't want to shift as they have been doing this for their entire lives."
Source: Agence France Presse
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