Researchers Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess of the United States and U.S.-Australian Brian Schmidt won the 2011 Nobel Physics Prize Tuesday for their research on supernovae, the Nobel jury said.

"They have studied several dozen exploding stars, called supernovae, and discovered that the universe is expanding at an ever-accelerating rate," it said, adding that their discovery had changed mankind's understanding of the universe.

A powerful telescope affording a view of the universe unmatched by most ground-based observatories gazed onto distant galaxies for the first time Monday from deep in Chile's Atacama Desert.

The Atacama Large Millimeter/sub millimeter Array, a joint project between Canada, Chile, the European Union, Japan, Taiwan and the United States, officially opened for astronomers after a decade of planning and construction.

Three scientists shared the Nobel Medicine Prize Monday for their ground-breaking work on the immune system which the jury said opened up new prospects for curing cancer and other diseases.

The laureates are Bruce Beutler of the United States, Jules Hoffmann of Luxembourg and Ralph Steinman of Canada.

A powerful U.S. atom-smasher that was the world's biggest particle collider for nearly a quarter-century closed forever on Friday, solidifying Europe's place as the world leader in physics.

The Tevatron began its collider work in 1985, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, and its shutdown comes at a tough time for budget-squeezed U.S. science and space programs.

U.S. scientists have developed an "artificial leaf" that converts sunlight into a chemical fuel that could be stored and used later, according to a study published Friday.

When placed in a container of water, the silicon solar cell -- with catalytic materials on each side -- generates oxygen bubbles on one side and hydrogen bubbles on the other, which can be separated and collected.

Negotiators will look at ways to keep alive global efforts to fight climate change as they meet in Panama, with barely a year to go before commitments run out under the Kyoto Protocol.

In what has been described as a dress rehearsal for the closely watched U.N. conference in Durban, South Africa starting November 28, climate envoys from around the world are holding a week of talks starting Saturday in Panama City.

A decommissioned NASA satellite, the biggest piece of U.S. space junk to fall in 30 years, has crash-landed, but the precise location is not yet known, the U.S. space agency said early Saturday.

The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) fell back to Earth between 11:23 pm Friday and 1:09 am Saturday (0323-0509 GMT Saturday), but the precise re-entry time and location "are not yet known with certainty," NASA said.

Physicists reported Thursday that sub-atomic particles called neutrinos can travel faster than light, a finding that -- if verified -- would blast a hole in Einstein's theory of relativity.

In experiments conducted between the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland and a laboratory in Italy, the tiny particles were clocked at 300,006 kilometers per second, about six km/sec faster that the speed of light, the researchers said.

A U.S. biotech company said Thursday it will soon begin the first-ever European trials using human embryonic stem cells in an experimental treatment for people with a form of juvenile blindness.

The Massachusetts-based Advanced Cell Technology said the trials will involve 12 patients with Stargardt's disease and will be based at Moorfields Eye Hospital in London, with more European sites planned for the future.

A mix of sprinkling system water and melted aluminum from aircraft hulls likely triggered the explosions that felled New York's Twin Towers on September 11, 2001, a materials expert told a technology conference Wednesday.

"If my theory is correct, tons of aluminum ran down through the towers, where the smelt came into contact with a few hundred liters of water," explained Christian Simensen, a scientist at SINTEF, an independent technology research institute based in Norway.